Tokens in Cplus
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  • What you'll learn
    • ✓C++ Tokens are the smallest individual units of a program.
    ✓A c++ program is written using these tokens,white spaces,and the syntax of the language.
    ✓Following are the C++ tokens : (most of c++ tokens are basically similar to the C tokens) Keywords Identifiers Constants Variables Operators
    ✓Keywords are reserved words which have fixed meaning, and its meaning cannot be changed.
    ✓Identifiers are names given to different entries such as variables, structures, and functions. Also, identifier names should have to be unique because these entities are used in the execution of the program.identifier is sequence of characters that will form a name. These are userdefined name of variable,name of identifer,name of array.
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  • Keywords Identifiers Constants Variables Operators A c++ program is written using these tokens,white spaces,and the syntax of the language
  • Keywords are reserved words which have fixed meaning, and its meaning cannot be changed. The meaning and working of these keywords are already known to the compiler. C++ has more numbers of keyword than C, and those extra ones have special working capabilities.
  • Identifiers are names given to different entries such as variables, structures, and functions. Also, identifier names should have to be unique because these entities are used in the execution of the program.identifier is sequence of characters that will form a name. These are userdefined name of variable,name of identifer,name of array.
  • Constants are having Fixed Values. Next Type is symbolic constant is a name given to some numeric constant, or a character constant or string constant, or any other constants.It is deined to fix some values.# DEFINE PI 3.14, # DEFINE X 19 We are having two types of constants in basically numeric constants & character constants. Numeric constant is divided into Integer constant, float constant, Real constant. Character constant is categorized into character constant & String constant. An integer is a numeric literal or constant(associated with numbers) without any fractional or exponential part. There are three types of integer literals in C ++programming:
  • Decimal integers use a base ten and digits ranging from 0 to 9. They can have a negative (-) or a positive (+), but non-digit characters or commas aren't allowed between characters. Example: 2022, +42, -68.
  • Octal constants as a 0 followed by octal digits (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7). Programming errors can occur when decimal values are mistakenly specified as octal constants. For example, 047 is a valid octal constant if an octal number is 25, then we have to write 025. representing 4 × 8 + 7, and is equivalent with the decimal constant 39 . In computing environments, it is commonly used as a shorter representation of binary numbers by grouping binary digits into threes.
  • Hex-literal(base 16):- 0x or 0X followed by one or more hexadecimal digits(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, a, A, b, B, c, C, d, D, e, E, f, F). For example, 0x23A, 0Xb4C, 0xFEA. Invalid 0y23z, 0Xk4t, 0xlmn The word “Hexadecimal” means sixteen because this type of digital numbering system uses 16 different digits from 0-to-9, and A-to-F. Hexadecimal Numbers group binary numbers into sets of four digits.
  • A floating-point literal is a numeric literal that has either a fractional form or an exponent form. For example: -2.0 0.0000234 -0.22E-5
  • Real constants are also known as floating point constants.constants are have fractional part. For example: -23.89 -56.998 78.54 0.0000234 -0.22E-5
  • A character literal is created by enclosing a single character inside single quotation marks. For example: 'a', 'm', 'F', '2', '}' etc. Single character constant In memory single character will be stored in the form of Ascii codes. ‘b’=98 ‘a’=99 ‘A’=65 and so on A to Z 65-90,a-z 97-122,0-9 48-57,others 0-47 9 is not equal to ‘9’ this constant is having different value.9 is integer constant

Requirement

A token is the smallest element of a C++ program that is meaningful to the compiler. The C++ parser recognizes these kinds of tokens: identifiers, keywords, literals, operators, punctuators, and other separators. Tokens are usually separated by white space.

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