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  • What you'll learn
    • ✓Difference Between Call by Value and Call by Reference
    ✓What is Call by Reference and Call by Value in C++?
    ✓What is value parameter and reference parameter in C++?
    ✓How to pass parameters to function using Call by Reference?
    ✓What is Call by Reference call by address in C++?
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  • Functions can be invoked in two ways: Call by Value or Call by Reference. These two ways are generally differentiated by the type of values passed to them as parameters. The parameters passed to the function are called actual parameters whereas the parameters received by the function are called formal parameters. Call By Value in C++ In call by value method of parameter passing, the values of actual parameters are copied to the function’s formal parameters. There are two copies of parameters stored in different memory locations. One is the original copy and the other is the function copy. Any changes made inside functions are not reflected in the actual parameters of the caller. Call by Reference in C++ In call by reference method of parameter passing, the address of the actual parameters is passed to the function as the formal parameters. In C, we use pointers to achieve call-by-reference. Both the actual and formal parameters refer to the same locations. Any changes made inside the function are actually reflected in the actual parameters of the caller.
  • The call by reference technique copies an argument’s address into a formal parameter. The address is utilised to obtain the actual argument used in the function call in this method. It signifies that any modifications to the parameter have an impact on the passing argument. The memory allocation is the same as the real arguments in this procedure. The function performs all of its operations on the value stored at the location of the real parameter, and the updated value is saved at the same address. Example Public static void main(string args[]) { int a = 10; System.out.println(“Before call Value of a = “, a); Void increment(); System.out.println(“After call Value of a = “, a); } Void increment(int x) { int x = x + 1; } Output Before call Value of a =10 After call Value of a =11
  • The call by value technique transfers the value of an argument into the function’s formal parameter. As a result, changes to the main function’s parameter have no effect on the argument. The values of actual parameters are transferred to the function’s formal parameters in this parameter passing mechanism, and the parameters are kept in various memory locations. As a result, any changes performed inside functions are not reflected in the caller’s real arguments. Example void main() { int a = 1, void increment(int); Cout << “before function calling” << a; increment(a); Cout << “after function calling” << a; getch(); void increment(int x) { int x = x + 1; Cout << “value is” << x; } Output before function calling 1 value is 2 after function calling 1-0
  • The approach preserves data by not changing the original variable. When a function is called, it should never change the contents of the parameters The value of the actual arguments is passed on to the formal arguments, therefore any modifications to the formal argument have no effect on the real-world situations
  • The function has the ability to modify the argument’s value, which is quite handy It does not generate duplicate data when just one value is stored, allowing you to conserve memory There is no duplicate of the argument in this procedure As a result, it is processed relatively quickly Assists you in avoiding modifications made by accident A person reading the code has no idea that the function’s value can be changed
  • Changes to the actual parameters can affect the argument variables as well. Arguments must be variables in this procedure. A variable in the body of a function cannot be changed directly. Arguments can sometimes be complicated phrases. The fact that two copies of the identical variable are being made wastes memory.
  • Non-null assurance is strong. If a function accepts a reference, it must ensure that the input is not null. As a result, no null check is required. Because the function is passed by reference, it is no longer pure conceptually. With references, a lifetime guarantee is a major concern. When working with lambdas and multi-threaded applications, this is very risky.
  • We use the address operator (&) and indirection operator (*) to provide an argument to a function via reference. When any argument is passed by reference in the function call as a parameter, it is passed using the address of(&) operator from the main function.
  • Passing by by reference refers to a method of passing the address of an argument in the calling function to a corresponding parameter in the called function.
  • You can also use a default parameter value, by using the equals sign (=). If we call the function without an argument, it uses the default value ("Norway"): Example void myFunction(string country = "Norway") { cout << country << "\n"; } int main() { myFunction("Sweden"); myFunction("India"); myFunction(); myFunction("USA"); return 0; } // Sweden // India // Norway // USA

Requirement

In the case of Call by Value, when we pass the value of the parameter during the calling of the function, it copies them to the function's actual local argument. In the case of Call by Reference, when we pass the parameter's location reference/address, it copies and assigns them to the function's local argument.

Are you an absolute beginner looking forward to kickstart your journey in the programming domain. Coding can be hard skill learn to learn for many but no more. Welcome to C++ Programming Essentials, the most fundamental course that every aspiring programmer should take to kickstart their journey in the world of programming. The course teaches you the fundamental building blocks of programming and builds a logical thinking mindset using C++ as our programming language. Many concepts taught in the course are also relevant to other languages like Java, Python, JavaScript etc with few changes in the coding syntax. You will understand the basic concepts and techniques to break down a given problem into smaller parts by drawing flowcharts, write pseudocode, and then diving deep into C++ topics like - variables, datatypes, flow control using branching & loops, functions, arrays, character arrays & strings, recursion, bitmasking & OOPs concepts. Course Features HD Videos Intuitive Explanations Beginner Friendly Teaching Tested Industry vetted curriculum Assignments & Q-A Support Certificate of Completion
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